The Conflict between Behaviourism and Rationalism in Linguistics

How Do I Find the Right Job for Me (A Comprehensive Guide) there’s a huge profession world out there, load up with occupations of numerous sorts. despite your circumstance, securing the correct position is rarely simple. possibly you’re recently out of school and not exactly sure where in any case your profession. perhaps you’ve began for a year or somewhere in the vicinity and acknowledged you’re in an undesirable manner, and need to perceive what else is out there. hello, perhaps you’ve put in 10-20 years and have acknowledged you need to investigate another road. whatever the case, we need to furnish you with the best occupations out there for an assortment of situations. peruse on, begin investigating, and secure the correct position (and ideally vocation) that will draw out the best in you.best employments with a secondary school diplomaif you have your secondary school degree close by and are hoping to enter the working scene immediately, you’re in karma: there are a universe of occupations out there, and some of them accompany a robust paycheck:your top 10 employment alternatives with a secondary school diploma11 lucrative employments that don’t require a school degreesearch for moneymaking occupations you can get with a secondary school diplomaand on the off chance that you need a major advantage over your pursuit of employment, we’re here for you on that. thejobnetwork has a large number of postings for you to investigate, regardless of what field you would like to enter. look at a couple beneath, and scan for yourself to locate the particular sort of nursing that premiums you.search for:air traffic controllerâ jobsconstruction administrator jobscourt correspondent jobsreal bequest representative jobsbest employments with aâ college degreeif you’ve cleared your path through an advanced education program, a different universe of occupations can open up for you: from banking to broadcasting, or instructing to transportation. you’re just cons trained by your reseach and your requests for employment. peruse on to become familiar with the numerous roads open to youâ€some that can accompany a weighty paycheck!the best employments for late school graduates10 most lucrative occupations for school graduatessearch for moneymaking occupations you can get with a collegeâ diplomalet thejobnetwork assist you with finding these extraordinary gigs. look at the underneath for postings, or search all alone to investigate any fieldâ€thousands of postings await!search for:pharmaceutical salesman jobsregistered nurture jobsweb planner jobssoftware designer jobsbest occupations for a glad lifemaybe you’re not just out to discover business, you’re likewise out to structure a profession that will keep you (and by affiliation, your family) upbeat. did you realize it’s 100% conceivable to discover a gig that you appreciate going to most days? 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Mary Shelley Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley Essay Victor disregards his fatherly obligations when he understands them. He flees from the animal right now of birth and shows carelessness promptly to his youngster. This features how wretched Victor is, he can't subscribe to anybody separated from himself . In examination the animal wants a family so he wont be distant from everyone else, in contrast to Victor. He puts everything on the line in a journey for a friend, he makes dangers and slaughters individuals to guarantee himself of a buddy. Victor has a family who care for him without question, yet he demonstrates next to no respect to them and their sentiments, anyway the animal is devoted to a family who dont even acknowledge is presence. The animal communicates a progressing want for friendship, though Victor never communicates that he is desolate, he just flounders in his own self centeredness. Victor has all the animal needs, while Victor couldnt care less, it is this obliviousness of others emotions that makes Victor an a lot lesser man than the animal. The animal anyway isn't great, when he is separated from the De Laceys he turns out to be inconceivably malevolent and spends the remainder of the novel causing torment. The manner by which the animal does this to Victor is by harming Victor profoundly then hanging tight for him to recuperate from the loss of another relative, at that point harms him once more. These homicides are likewise pre ruminated, he slaughters basically without blinking which might be a result of his childhood however it makes him an executioner. The animal says, I looked on my casualty, about William, this is proof that the animal is an unfeeling executioner. Another case of his noxiousness is the manner by which he abandons notes when being sought after by Victor, he insults him when Victor is a wrecked man. In the novel Victor isn't an executioner, he never embarks to hurt others purposefully. He gets blinded by his work, yet never embarks to execute without a second thought. This features the point that Shelley might be generalizing the animal as the vast majority would as an executioner, yet it shows that the animal can't be considered as a man. A most huge differentiation between the two is the manner by which magnanimous the animal is rather than Victor. The animal helps the De Laceys with their work out of the decency of his heart, just as that he feels regret for taking their food and attempts to compensate for it by helping them. He is never eager or self fixated, he simply needs to be acknowledged. Victor is staggeringly egotistical all through the novel, genuinely particularly. Clerval demonstrates colossal commitment to his companion all through the novel, he thinks about him when sick, however Victor never responds this consideration. When with Justine in jail he claims, profound and unpleasant anguish that she will never feel, to himself, he thinks he is enduring more than somebody waiting for capital punishment. In the whole novel Victor never assists anybody, which is the reason the animal is a superior individual than Victor. Victor is likewise self fixated on his own emotions after the passings of William, Justine, and Clerval he for the most part contemplates himself and his own sentiments.

Blog Archive How to Approach Overrepresentation and Old Achievements in Your MBA Application Essays

Blog Archive How to Approach Overrepresentation and Old Achievements in Your MBA Application Essays Many MBA applicantsâ€"such as male investment bankers and Indian software engineersâ€"worry that they are overrepresented in the candidate pool. Applicants cannot change their work histories, of course, but they can change the way they introduce themselves to the admissions committee. Consider the following examples: Example 1: “As an investment banker, I…” Example 2: “Managing a team to code a new software product for ABC Corp., I…” In these brief examples, the candidates blatantly introduce the very overrepresentation they would like to minimize. Many applicants feel they must start their essays by presenting their titles or company names, but this approach can immediately make the reader pause and think, “Here we go again.” Overrepresented business school candidates should therefore consider the opening lines of their essays especially carefully. Rather than stating the obvious, an applicant might instead immerse the reader in a situation or present a special aspect of their position: Example 1 (launching into a story): “At 5:30 pm, I could rest easy. The deadline for all other offers had passed. At that point, I knew…” Example 2 (stand out): “While managing a multinational team, half in Silicon Valley and half in Pakistan, I…” In the first example here, the banker candidate avoids drab self-introduction and instead plunges the reader into the midst of a mystery that is playing out. In the second example, the software engineer candidate is introduced not as a “coder” but as a multinational manager. Of course, every applicant’s situation is different, but with some effort, your story can be told in a way that avoids the pitfalls of overrepresentation. Another issue that aspiring MBAs should consider is the relevance of the stories they tell in their application essays. Because business school candidates must share examples of a variety of experiences with admissions committees, we encourage applicants to truly reflect on their lives and consider all potential stories, including academic, professional, community, extracurricular, athletic, international, and personal. However, candidates inevitably have questions about which anecdotes are truly appropriate and effective.  â€œCan I use stories from high school and college?” “Can I use a story from four years ago?” “How far in the past is too far in the past?”  Although no definitive rule exists, with the exception of questions that specifically ask about personal history or family background, schools generally want to learn about the mature youâ€"the individual you are today. So we ask you,  â€œHow long have you been the you that you are today?” When considering experiences that occurred long ago, ask yourself,  â€œWould this impress an MBA admissions committee today?”  If you ran a few successful bake sales six years ago when you were in college, this clearly would not stand the test of time and impress a stranger today. However, if, while you were still a student, you started a small business that grew and was ultimately sold to a local firm when you graduated, you would have a story to tell that would likely impress an admissions reader. Inevitably, judgment is always involved in these decisions. Nonetheless, we offer this simple example as a starting point to help you decide which stories to share. Share ThisTweet Application Tips Blog Archive How to Approach Overrepresentation and Old Achievements in Your MBA Application Essays Many MBA applicants worry that they are overrepresentedâ€"male investment bankers and Indian software engineers, for example. Applicants cannot change their work histories, of course, but they can change the way they introduce themselves to the admissions committee. Consider the following examples: Example 1: “As an investment banker, I…” Example 2: “Managing a team to code a new software product for ABC Corp., I…” In these brief examples, each candidate introduces the very overrepresentation that he/she would like to minimize. Many applicants feel they must start their essays by presenting their titles or company names, but this approach can immediately make the reader pause and think, “Here we go again.” Overrepresented business school candidates should therefore consider the opening lines of their essays especially carefully. Rather than stating the obvious, an applicant might instead immerse the reader in a situation or present a special aspect of his/her position: Example 1 (launching into a story): “At 5:30 pm, I could rest easy. The deadline for all other offers had passed. At that point, I knew…” Example 2 (stand out): “While managing a multinational team, half in Silicon Valley and half in Pakistan, I…” In the first example here, the banker candidate avoids drab self-introduction and instead plunges the reader into the midst of a mystery that is playing out. In the second example, the software engineer candidate introduces him-/herself not as a “coder” but as a multinational manager. Of course, every applicant’s situation is different, but with some effort, your story can be told in a way that avoids the pitfalls of overrepresentation. Another issue that aspiring MBAs should consider is the relevance of the stories they tell in their application essays. Because business school candidates must share examples of a variety of experiences with admissions committees, we encourage applicants to truly reflect on their lives and consider all potential stories, including academic, professional, community, extracurricular, athletic, international, and personal. However, candidates inevitably have questions about which anecdotes are truly appropriate and effective.  â€œCan I use stories from high school and college?” “Can I use a story from four years ago?” “How far in the past is too far in the past?”  Although no definitive rule exists, with the exception of questions that specifically ask about personal history or family background, schools generally want to learn about the mature youâ€"the individual you are today. So we ask you,  â€œHow long have you been the you that you are today?” When considering experiences that occurred long ago, ask yourself,  â€œWould this impress an MBA admissions committee today?”  If you ran a few successful bake sales six years ago when you were in college, this clearly would not stand the test of time and impress a stranger today. However, if, while you were still a student, you started a small business that grew and was ultimately sold to a local firm when you graduated, you would have a story to tell that would likely impress an admissions reader. Inevitably, judgment is always involved in these decisions. Nonetheless, we offer this simple example as a starting point to help you decide which stories to share. Share ThisTweet Application Tips Essays Blog Archive How to Approach Overrepresentation and Old Achievements in Your MBA Application Essays Many MBA applicantsâ€"such as male investment bankers and Indian software engineersâ€"worry that they are overrepresented in the candidate pool. Applicants cannot change their work histories, of course, but they can change the way they introduce themselves to the admissions committee. Consider the following examples: Example 1: “As an investment banker, I…” Example 2: “Managing a team to code a new software product for ABC Corp., I…” In these brief examples, the candidates blatantly introduce the very overrepresentation they would like to minimize. Many applicants feel they must start their essays by presenting their titles or company names, but this approach can immediately make the reader pause and think, “Here we go again.” Overrepresented business school candidates should therefore consider the opening lines of their essays especially carefully. Rather than stating the obvious, an applicant might instead immerse the reader in a situation or present a special aspect of their position. Example 1 (launching into a story): “At 5:30 p.m., I could rest easy. The deadline for all other offers had passed. At that point, I knew…” Example 2 (stand out): “While managing a multinational team, half in Silicon Valley and half in Pakistan, I…” In the first example here, the banker candidate avoids drab self-introduction and instead plunges the reader into the midst of a mystery that is playing out. In the second example, the software engineer candidate is introduced not as a “coder” but as a multinational manager. Of course, every applicant’s situation is different, but with some effort, your story can be told in a way that avoids the pitfalls of overrepresentation. Another issue that aspiring MBAs should consider is the relevance of the stories they tell in their application essays. Because business school candidates must share examples of a variety of experiences with admissions committees, we encourage applicants to truly reflect on their lives and consider all potential stories, including academic, professional, community, extracurricular, athletic, international, and personal. However, candidates inevitably have questions about which anecdotes are truly appropriate and effective.  â€œCan I use stories from high school and college?” “Can I use a story from four years ago?” “How far in the past is too far in the past?”  Although no definitive rule exists, with the exception of questions that specifically ask about personal history or family background, schools generally want to learn about the mature youâ€"the individual you are today. So we ask you,  â€œHow long have you been the you that you are today?” When considering experiences that occurred long ago, ask yourself,  â€œWould this impress an MBA admissions committee today?”  If you ran a few successful bake sales six years ago when you were in college, this clearly would not stand the test of time and impress a stranger today. However, if, while you were still a student, you started a small business that grew and was ultimately sold to a local firm when you graduated, you would have a story to tell that would likely impress an admissions reader. Inevitably, judgment is always involved in these decisions. Nonetheless, we offer this simple example as a starting point to help you decide which stories to share. Share ThisTweet Application Tips Essays Blog Archive How to Approach Overrepresentation and Old Achievements in Your MBA Application Essays Many MBA applicants worry that they are overrepresentedâ€"male investment bankers and Indian software engineers, for example. Applicants cannot change their work histories, of course, but they can change the way they introduce themselves to the admissions committee. Consider the following examples: Example 1: “As an investment banker, I…” Example 2: “Managing a team to code a new software product for ABC Corp., I…” In these brief examples, each candidate introduces the very overrepresentation that he/she would like to minimize. Many applicants feel they must start their essays by presenting their titles or company names, but this approach can immediately make the reader pause and think, “Here we go again.” Overrepresented business school candidates should therefore consider the opening lines of their essays especially carefully. Rather than stating the obvious, an applicant might instead immerse the reader in a situation or present a special aspect of his/her position: Example 1 (launching into a story): “At 5:30 pm, I could rest easy. The deadline for all other offers had passed. At that point, I knew…” Example 2 (stand out): “While managing a multinational team, half in Silicon Valley and half in Pakistan, I…” In the first example here, the banker candidate avoids drab self-introduction and instead plunges the reader into the midst of a mystery that is playing out. In the second example, the software engineer candidate introduces him-/herself not as a “coder” but as a multinational manager. Of course, every applicant’s situation is different, but with some effort, your story can be told in a way that avoids the pitfalls of overrepresentation. Another issue that aspiring MBAs should consider is the relevance of the stories they tell in their application essays. Because business school candidates must share examples of a variety of experiences with admissions committees, we encourage applicants to truly reflect on their lives and consider all potential stories, including academic, professional, community, extracurricular, athletic, international, and personal. However, candidates inevitably have questions about which anecdotes are truly appropriate and effective.  â€œCan I use stories from high school and college?” “Can I use a story from four years ago?” “How far in the past is too far in the past?”  Although no definitive rule exists, with the exception of questions that specifically ask about personal history or family background, schools generally want to learn about the mature youâ€"the individual you are today. So we ask you,  â€œHow long have you been the you that you are today?” When considering experiences that occurred long ago, ask yourself,  â€œWould this impress an MBA admissions committee today?”  If you ran a few successful bake sales six years ago when you were in college, this clearly would not stand the test of time and impress a stranger today. However, if, while you were still a student, you started a small business that grew and was ultimately sold to a local firm when you graduated, you would have a story to tell that would likely impress an admissions reader. Inevitably, judgment is always involved in these decisions. Nonetheless, we offer this simple example as a starting point to help you decide which stories to share. Share ThisTweet Essays

Women s Rights Of Women - 1101 Words

â€Å"The history of men’s opposition to women’s emancipation is more interesting perhaps than the story of emancipation itself† (Woolf). Nowadays, in most societies, the role a woman chooses to take for herself is often a choice rather than a restriction. In Islamic societies, however, women seem to be forced into certain roles and responsibilities. These restrictions often seem to elevate a man s status and importance in society while degrading a woman s status. Women’s fight for their rights is not something new. As a matter of fact, they have been fighting for their rights around the world for centuries. In some societies, they obtain fairly freedom, but unfortunately in other societies such as Muslim society, women are not as free as†¦show more content†¦Some of the men had white, long outfit the way Arab men do in their own country, and couple of them had short sleeve and jeans, but the wives, not only had black long veil to cover from head to toe, they covered their face with some black fabric. Our table was close to their table, one of the women pulled up the fabric over her face to drink some water, and the waiter came along, I didn’t understand the Arabic, but her husband said something to her and immediately she covered her face again until the waiter left. When I saw this, I felt bad for those women, how come in a hot summer day, the men can choose whatever they want to wear, but poor women cannot uncover their faces to eat or drink something without their husband’s permission. I believe that not every woman can, or have the courage to stand up for their rights, and in this situation, makes our duty more serious and more important to fight for women’s right, to speak up for those who do not have the voice, to advocate them, to defend their right to be free to be as educated as men, to be as active citizen as men among their societies. The second important reason that we should defend womenâ⠂¬â„¢s rights in the Islamic society is that, in some countries, women are being treated as part of men’s properties. As we all know polygamy means a system of marriage whereby one person has more than one spouse. However, polygamyShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not a ll claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through spe eches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am bas ing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

The Media And Its Popularity - 933 Words

Man has always asked about nature’s existence and how did it come to be. Did the origin of life accidentally come into being, or was it the artwork of a more majestic being? Or did the self. existing God give nature the trigger and everything else came in an orderly manner? These types of questions are not new to humanity. Predated philosophers since the times of Plato and Aristotle, around 300.400 BC, have already asked themselves about their existence. On the other side, theologians have always existed even before the cradle of civilises ion. the Sumerians, some 6,000 years ago. Religious figures believe that nature was not a seltoriginating mechanism but It is the work of a more superior being. So is region backed by science or do they†¦show more content†¦A Brief History The origin of life was created by the almighty Got who created the heavens and the Earth. This was the answer to the purpose of life question by many cultures until only two centuries ago when It partially changed. It seems now that society has been divided into few beliefs. One: God created everything. Two: God had nothing to do with creation. Three: We were created by God but In a special mechanism. One question remains to be answered: which group is right? There s one man who influenced this whole argument back in the 15n century. Charles Darwin. an English naturalist. born on the 12/02/1809 in England. from a wealthy background studied divinity at Cambridge. When Danvin was In his young adulthood he went on a voyage known as the Beagle voyage which took a total of five years, from 27/12/1831 until 2/10/1836. On this adventure. Darwin arrived at an Island called Galapagos, about five hundred miles west of South America. where he became inspired by the diversity of species. lie began to take notes and made several sketches of what he saw; the most famous observation was the beaks of the finches. When Darwin returned to England in 1836. he began to put the picture together and come up with how the species came into being. In 1838 Danvin developed the idea of natural selection which backed his theory, the Theory of Evolution, later published In his book, the Origin of Species, in 1858. The

Xerox Co. Diversity - 1501 Words

CASE 2 - XEROX QUESTION 1 How would Xerox define diversity? How has its definition changed over the years? In business , diversity has seen action in the managing of human resource as essential capital in fostering businesses at a global scale . Diversity is also seen as a concept where differences can be a powerful resource . Based on the Case facts, Xerox value diversity as the most priceless resource to drive the company towards achieving its goals. According to Xerox Chairman amp; former CEO, Anne M. Mulcahy, diversity is not just about race, gender, age, sexual orientation or disability. She and the staff believed that diversity provide an environment for employee to grow for their fullest potential. Employee with different ways†¦show more content†¦For instance, women and minorities represent 52% of Xerox workforce and about 42.5% of Xerox senior executives are women or people of color or both. * Friendly HR policies Xerox understand that women struggling to balance work and family commitments. Thus, HR function initiated alternative work schedules and other HR policies as the company recognizes that family and individual needs affect employee performance. Besides, Xerox also has a work life programs to ensures that the workforce become successful in their career and family such as dependent care fund, employee assistance program and education assistance program. * Xerox Employee Caucus Groups A caucus group for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender employees. After establishment of this program, the company began to provide domestic partner benefits for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender employees. The groups consist of Asians Coming Together, Black Women’s Leadership Council, GALAXe – Pride at work, Hispanic Association for Professional Advancement, National Black Employee Assosiation and The Women’s Alliance. * CEO roundtables An annual diversity employee roundtables with senior managers. This program provide platform for employees to engage in unfilteredShow MoreRelatedXerox Co. Diversity1509 Words   |  7 PagesCASE 2 - XEROX QUESTION 1 How would Xerox define diversity? How has its definition changed over the years? In business , diversity has seen action in the managing of human resource as essential capital in fostering businesses at a global scale . Diversity is also seen as a concept where differences can be a powerful resource . Based on the Case facts, Xerox value diversity as the most priceless resource to drive the company towards achieving its goals. According to Xerox Chairman amp; former CEORead MoreXerox Case Study Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesHow would Xerox define diversity ? Xerox defines diversity as a priceless resource and a key to their success. It more than just race or gender. By incorporating in a company like xerox different cultures and ways of thinking it expands the mind set of the company and leads toward creating innovative solutions and business opportunities (Xerox). How has the definition of diversity changed over the years? We live in a world where, because of the Internet and the Web, we can communicate withRead MoreCase Number 12274 Words   |  10 Pagesother employees and co-workers before making a decision that can put a well running business in the ground. Case: Xerox 1. How would Xerox define diversity? How has its definition changed over the years? In business, diversity has seen action in the managing of human resource as essential capital in fostering businesses at a global scale. Diversity is also seen as a concept where differences can be a powerful resource. Based on the Case facts, Xerox value diversity as the most pricelessRead MoreXerox Scandal Essay2789 Words   |  12 PagesXerox Corporation Xerox Corporation is a $16 billion technology and services enterprise that helps businesses deploy smart document management strategies and find better ways to work. It’s intent is to constantly lead with innovative technologies, products and solutions that customers can depend upon to improve business results. Xerox provides the document industry’s broadest portfolio of offerings. Digital systems include color and black-and-white printing and publishing systems, digital pressesRead MoreCase Study H/R813 Words   |  4 Pageschallenges faced by HR management when significant staff cutbacks occur and how they should be addressed. 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Management Theory and Practices Sustainable Operation

Question: Discuss about theManagement Theory and Practicesfor Sustainable Operation. Answer: Compare Henry Fayol Theories with Elton Mayo and Max Weber's Theory Introduction Management is referred to as a universal process concerning the skills and process being used. In other words, skills can be transferred from one environment and used in another effectively. Organizations, either profit making or non-profit making, focus on stability, security and sustainable operation. It's only through acceptable management practices that core organization activities can be achieved (Appleby, 1991, p. 34). Management is referred to as an applied techniques which relate closely relates to other fields such as psychology, economics, political science, finance and sociology among others. Therefore, management ideas, as known as theories, are developed based on periods such as scientific management, early influences, human relations and modern influences (Wilkinson, 2006, p. 35). Henry Fayol, Elton Mayo, and Max Weber are three renowned management theorists who have contributed immensely to the understanding of management concepts. Managers have for many occasions based their decisions based on the management theories and principles that were generated by these theorists. This paper will study the theories developed by each one of them as well as conducting the similarities and differences that exist among them (Brownlie, 2015, p. 76). Henry Fayol and Administrate Management Theories Fayol was a renowned French theorist and industrialist who was a qualified engineer in the mining sector. During his working days, he worked for a single company which led to his rising in rank to the top most management level. Through his management experience, Fayol developed a widely accepted administrative management theory. He believed that managers depend more on administrative management and less on technical knowledge of their organizations to be a success. Fayol is the first practicing manager to develop management theories (Raczkowski, 2016, p. 48). According to Fayol, an administrative manager should divide their activities into six groups namely; Commercial (selling, exchange, buying), Technical (manufacturing, production), Financial (creating and investing capital), Security (protecting employees and property), Accounting (stocktaking, costing, statistics, balance sheet). Fayol states that management encompasses forecasting and planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol's principle of management does not treat management as an exclusive role of the managers but being part and parcel of all the stakeholders. He also maintained that the above mentioned, management activities are independent of each other and it is the responsibility of the management integrate them and achieve the enterprises' goals (Chandan, 2012, p. 113). From Fayol's management principle, we can deduce that people are born as managers but this is a skill that is learned. Fayol created management ideas that can be applied in any organization. In his book, The General Principles of Management, Fayol have listed fourteen principles that can be applied in administrative management. Although the list is not exhaustive, Fayol holds that they helped him all through his management career (Lowe, 2013, p. 67). The Fourteen principles are; Division of labour which helps in developing familiarity and practice on a given task. Authority principle which states that the orders given by the management should have some level of responsibility. Discipline principle states that the management should behave in accordance with the agreements between. There must be a unit of command i.e. an organization should have a uniform unit that gives directives. Direction unity: there should be one plan and head governing activities within a group. Incorporating interests by individuals to an organizational interest: The management should ensure that the individual's interest does not surpass that of the organization. Remuneration offered should be fair to both the enterprise and the employees. Centralization of the activities should be evident. Order; operations should be at right place, in the right time and being executed by the right people. Equity principle stating that the organization should combine both justice and kindness towards its employees. Stability of tenure; the employees especially the managers should be given adequate time to adapt to the company practices. Initiative principle states that each management level should be encouraged to have some level of innovation and taking initiatives towards achieving the organizational goals (Chandan, 2010, p. 43). And, Esprit de corps principle which advocates for harmony and teamwork. Although Fayol emphasized on a hierarchical aspect of organizational management, he understood the need of avoiding excessive mechanistic approach on the employees. Hence, he introduced both the Esprit de Corps and initiative principles to address both individual and groups need in an organization (Kwok, 2014, p. 97). The difference between Fayol and the current management theorist is that while the former viewed the principles within the context of logical company structure, the following views that as adaptive mechanisms that are used by organizations to change the employees' behaviours. The modern theorists hold that organization should create a platform that meets both its needs and those of its employees (Chandler, 1993, p. 11). One achievement by Fayol is his creation of 14 management principles that have been absorbed by modern organizations. Nevertheless, his principles have come under harsh criticisms because they are ineffective when an organization faces rapid change. Max Weber and Bureaucracy Theory Max Weber was an academician and his interest on organizational management was based on the authority structure. He was interested in establishing why employees in organizations had the tendency of obeying those in authority over themselves. He named his management theory as bureaucracy after the publication of his work titled, "The Theory of Social Economic Organization' in 1947 (Kotter, 1992, p. 113). He used the word bureaucracy to describe a type of organization and exists practically in every public and business enterprise to a lesser or larger extent. The difference between Fayol and Weber is that whereas the former focussed on management issues, the latter focussed on organizational structure. In his administrative management theory, Max Weber characterized his views on enterprise structure as shown below; Division of labour: Here, the responsibility and authority are clearly defined and treated as official duties that have to be fulfilled by the employees. Hierarchy of authority: In this type of organization, positions or offices are arranged in a hierarchical manner. There is a chain of command from the top most management level of the subordinate staff (Chowdhury, 2002, p. 23). Formal selection structure: Under regular selection employees are recruited and selected based on their qualifications by examining their training or educational level. Career managers structure: Manager is employed based on their field of qualification and is paid using fixed salaries. Formal rules: under the former rules, the management has the responsibility of administering strict rules and organizational control which are applied uniformly (French, 2007, p. 79). Based on the five organizational structures stated above, Weber came up with three types of legitimate authority applied in organizations namely; Traditional authority- here, authority in an organization is accepted based on custom and tradition. Charismatic authority- people are promoted to management level based on their loyalty and confidence. Rational Legal authority- people are given authority over others based on their position, and office held as guided by the company's rules and regulations. However, Weber maintained that people should difference between power and authority hence the use of legitimate authority. Power is defined as forcing people to perform certain duties by using either reward of strength. Whereas, authority is defined as exercising acceptable rules on the subordinates. Therefore, Weber explains legitimate authority as an act of exercising power within the acceptable limits on the employees (Chung, 2008, p. 113). The key features of Weber bureaucracy theory are as shown below: Rules continuously govern the functions of an organization There is a specified level of competence among the application authority There is a hierarchical exercise of authority. Personnel is appointed based on the technical qualifications. The management is separated from the company owners. Official positions are outlined in the organizational rules and the office holders to note controls the positions. Actions, rules, and decisions are recorded in writing forms. The above features govern the power to be exercised by the authority as dictated by the published practices and rules. Weber's bureaucratic management principle has been praised because it brings about efficiency in the application of authority to the subordinates (Davar, 2011, p. 45). Elton Mayo and Human Relation Theory The Human relation theory that was published by Elton Mayo in 1941 focusses on the aspects of work satisfaction and job components in employees perspectives. Mayo's theory popularly known as the Hawthorne Experiments are classified into three stages namely; Test Room Studies The experiment involved assessing the impact of single variables on the employees' performance. A section of women selected and divided into groups before being subjected to different in temperature, rest periods, working hours and the degree of illuminations. Their performance was recorded while working under these conditions (Cole, 1993, p. 56). The experiment found out that positive performance was not influenced by working conditions or incentives. However, factors such as esprit de corps that had been developed among the groups, and personal interest shown by the top management and the supervisors influenced the employees to perform. According to Mayo, when employees are subjected to situations develop their attitude and interest, then they are bound to perform (Davar, 2011, p. 127). Interviewing Studies The second study by Mayo interviewed over 21,000 employees working in the plantation to assess their attitude. Some of the variables that were tested include supervision, working conditions, and morale survey. However, it was difficult to identify factors that led to employees' dissatisfaction (Cole, 2011, p. 38). Observational Studies The study was used to assess who employees' attitudes change when working in groups. It was established that employees tend to develop different norms when working outside their departments. Therefore, the study stated that informal organization was important to employees' motivation. In summary, Mayo's in his management theory found out that employees are not only motivated by money but the management and supervisors have an important ro0le to play to increase their productivity and morale. Teamwork and group spirit are important to meet the employees' satisfaction and organizational goals (Brownlie, 2015, p. 78). Therefore, managers should understand why the employees behave in a certain manner. As well as identifying social and psychological factors that motivate them. Mayo's work became the basis of behavioral scientists such as Maslow, McGregor, and Argyris to conduct sophisticated studies on factors that motivate employees at their workplaces (Kwok, 2014, p. 76). Conclusion The three management theorists were concerned with different aspects of enterprise management. Fayol focussed on administrative management theory and came up with the fourteen principles of management as a guide to managers. Likewise, Max Weber with Bureaucracy theory focussed on the application of authority in the organization as a management tool. Lastly, mayo with his human relation theory focussed on how other factors part from money impact employees' performance. He established that management's interest had a major influence on the employees' behaviour. References List Appleby, R. C., 1991. Modern Business Administration. New York: Pitman. Brownlie, D., 2015. Management theory and practice: bridging the gap through multidisciplinary lenses. European Business Review, Vol. 20 (Iss: 6), pp. pp.461 - 470. Chandan, J. S., 2010. Organizational Behaviour (WBUT),. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing . Chandan, J. S., 2012. Management Theory and Practice,. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing . Chandler, A. D., 1993. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. New York: Belknap Press. Chowdhury, S., 2002. Organization 21C: Someday All Organizations Will Lead This Way. London: FT Press. Chung, R. K., 2008. Evolution of Philosophical Thoughts in Management. Class notes distributed . Cole, G., 2011. Management Theory and Practice. 7th Edition ed. Chicago: International Thomson Business Press. Cole, G. A., 1993. Management Theory and Practice. London: DP Publications Ltd. Davar, R. S., 2011. Personnel Management and Industrial Relations. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing . French, W. L., 2007. Human Resource Management. 6th Edition ed. s.l.:Houghton Mifflin. Kotter, J., 1992. Corporate Culture and Performance. New York: The Free Press. Kwok, A. C. F., 2014. The Evolution of Management Theories: A Literature Review. Issue 1, Volume 3( Issue 1). Lowe, D., 2013. Commercial Management: Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. Raczkowski, K., 2016. Public Management: Theory and Practice. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Wilkinson, A., 2006. Empowerment: theory and practice. Personnel Review, Vol. 27 (Iss: 1), pp. pp.40 - 56.